Book: Formation Pressure Evaluation

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Event Formation Pressure Evaluation
Event Type Training Course
Location
Aberdeen, UK
Dates 09 Jul 2018 to 13 Jul 2018
Event Presenters Please Login to view.
Base Cost per Person 1750 GBP
Expenses No Expenses Detailed
Local Tax Local Tax @ 20.00%
Event Category
Oil and Gas \ Petrophysics \ Petrophysical Analysis
Oil and Gas \ Geomechanics \ Pore Pressure
Description Covers the evaluation of pore and fracture pressure evaluation during drilling.
Geomechanical modelling is introduced in this course. The importance of these pressures to drilling fluid and casing plans is covered in detail. Each technique discussed is backed up by practical exercises.

Syllabus Includes:
1. Importance of Pressure in Well Engineering and Design
  • Principal stresses
o Isotropic and Anisotropic Stress
o Extensional regime
o Compressional regime
o Transcurrent regime
  • Pressure gradients and Equivalent Mud Weights
  • Formation pressures and stresses
o Overburden (lithostatic) pressure
o Formation fracture pressure
o Borehole collapse pressure
o Formation pore fluid pressure
Normal (hydrostatic) pressure
- Overpressure (geopressure)
- Underpressure
  • Control of pressure & stresses while drilling
o Drilling fluid density
- Balanced
- Overbalance
- Underbalance
- Effective Circulating Density (ECD)
- Effects of swab & surge
- Riser margin
- Mud weight window concept
o Casing
- Using pore, collapse and fracture pressure to design casing programme
o MAASP
o Kick tolerance
  • Problems arising from abnormal pressures
o Kicks & blowouts
o Lost circulation
o Differential sticking
o Borehole collapse
o Seal failure
o Formation damage impact on log quality
o Reduced ROP
  • Underbalanced drilling (UBD) and Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD)
  • Reporting
  • Exercise 1 - Relating Pressure and Drilling Fluid Density

2. Causes of Abnormal Pressures
  • Importance of seals
o Static vs dynamic overpressure
  • Importance of geological processes in the basin
  • Loading (Type I) & Unloading (Type II) overpressures
  • Vertical effective stress
  • Compaction disequilibrium (sedimentary loading)
o Normal compaction
o Undercompaction
o Pressure transition and pressure regression
  • Tectonic effects
o Uplift and erosion
o Thrust faults
o Lateral transfer – The Centroid Principle
o Exercise 2a Lateral transfer calculation
Salt diapirism and carbonate “stringers”
o Shale diapirism (mud volcanoes)
  • Fluid generation in situ
o Hydrocarbon generation in source rocks
o Clay diagenesis
  • Charged sands
  • Hydrocarbon buoyancy in reservoirs
o Exercise 2b Hydrocarbon buoyancy
  • Aquathermal pressuring
  • Artesian wells
  • Subnormal pressure

3. The Terzaghi Relationship
  • Stress distribution in sedimentary rock

4. Total Vertical Stress Evaluation
  • Relationship between pressure, depth, and rock density
  • Obtaining bulk density values
o Published data
o Seismic velocity models
o Wireline and MWD data
o Calculation procedures
  • Exercise 3 - Evaluation of Overburden Pressure from Density Logs

5. Vertical Effective Stress Evaluation
  • Seismic velocity models
o Bowers
o Miller et al.
o Sayers et al.
o Mukerji et al.
  • Clay compaction models
o Normal Compaction Trend (NCT)
- Pore fluids chemistry
- Matrix grain size and shape
- Ice sheet loading
- Unconformity
- The importance of wellbore stability indicators
- Variations in clay mineralogy
o Eaton model
o Exercise 4 - Pressure Evaluation Using Eaton
o Exercise 5 - Overburden Pressure from Sonic Log, NCT Selection & Pressure
from sonic log using Eaton
o Calibration of NCT using real pore pressure data
Equivalent depth model
o Exercise 6 - Pressure Evaluation in Clay Using Equivalent Depth
o Comparing method accuracy
o Effect of unloading on compaction analysis

6. Direct Pore Fluid Pressure Measurement
  • Formation pressure testing tools (wireline & LWD)
  • Exercise 7 Pressure test interpretation
  • Calculating formation pressures from kick data
  • Production testing

7. Interpreting Gas Behaviour
  • Drilled gas
  • Swabbed gas
o Connection gas
o Trip gas

8. Qualitative Analysis of Pore Fluid Pressures
  • Overpull and drilling torque
  • Pore pressure cavings
  • Shale density
  • Shale factor
  • Temperature
  • Other drilling parameters

9. Exercise 8a - Comprehensive Exercise Overburden and Pore Pressure
  • Covers sections 1-8

10. Formation Fracture Pressure
  • Creating a new fracture
o Minimum principal stress magnitude and orientation
  • Re-opening an existing fracture
  • Relating total vertical stress to fracture pressure
  • Direct measurement of fracture pressure
o Leak Off Tests (LOT)
o Extended Leak Off Tests (XLOT)
- Measurement of minimum principal horizontal stress
- Measurement of tensile strength
- Computing maximum horizontal principal stress
o Formation Integrity Tests (FIT)
o Pre-existing fractures reopened
Effects of permeability on LOT results
  • Indirect measurement of fracture pressure
o Defining minimum effective stress
o Hoek & Brown relationship of vertical effective stress to minimum effective
stress
o Establishing Poisson’s Ratio
o Hubbert & Willis
o Fracture pressure models
- Matthews & Kelly
- Eaton
- Daines
- Anderson, et al.
- Ward, et al.
- Breckels & van Eekelen
o Relating fracture initiation pressure to minimum principal stress
o Wellbore ballooning
- Use of PWD data to evaluate minimum principal horizontal stress
  • Effect of formation temperature on fracture pressure
  • Exercise 8b - Eaton & Daines fracture pressures added to Exercise 8a

11. Wellbore Instability
  • Rock failure in response to stress orientation
o Extensional (fracture) and compressive failure (breakout)
  • Breakout cavings
  • Use of caliper log in establishing stress orientation
  • Use of formation imaging tools in establishing stress orientation
  • Use of breakout image logs to establish maximum principal stress value
  • Geomechanical modelling
  • Using borehole collapse pressure data
  • The importance of stresses to directional drilling
  • Controlled breakout
  • Shale drilling

12. Reservoir Depletion
  • Difficulties associated with depletion
o Subsidence
o Reduced borehole diameter due to unplanned casing requirements
o Differential sticking
o Lost circulation leading to formation damage
o Stuck pipe in cap rock
o Solids production
o Fault reactivation
  • Relationship between pore pressure depletion and fracture pressure
  • Dealing with depletion while drilling
o Drilling fluids
- Underbalanced drilling
- Specialised drilling fluids
o Casing programs
- Expandable casings
- Liner drilling
o Water & gas injection
Who should attend Anyone tasked with using drilling, LWD, and Wireline data to evaluate pressures in real time. Wellsite personnel benefiting from this training include Wellsite Geologists, drilling engineers, drilling supervisors, Mud Loggers,
and LWD engineers. Office based personnel involved in well planning will also find this material useful.
Benefits of Attending The course will provide a comprehensive overview of the evaluation of pore and fracture pressure evaluation during drilling, including Geomechanical modelling.
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