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Formation Pressure Evaluation
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Event Provider
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Event
Formation Pressure Evaluation
Event Type
Training Course
Location
Aberdeen, UK
Dates
09 Jul 2018
to
13 Jul 2018
Event Presenters
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Base Cost per Person
1750
GBP
Expenses
No Expenses Detailed
Local Tax
Local Tax @ 20.00%
Event Category
Oil and Gas \ Petrophysics \ Petrophysical Analysis
Oil and Gas \ Geomechanics \ Pore Pressure
Description
Covers the evaluation of pore and fracture pressure evaluation during drilling.
Geomechanical modelling is introduced in this course. The importance of these pressures to drilling fluid and casing plans is covered in detail. Each technique discussed is backed up by practical exercises.
Syllabus Includes:
1. Importance of Pressure in Well Engineering and Design
Principal stresses
o Isotropic and Anisotropic Stress
o Extensional regime
o Compressional regime
o Transcurrent regime
Pressure gradients and Equivalent Mud Weights
Formation pressures and stresses
o Overburden (lithostatic) pressure
o Formation fracture pressure
o Borehole collapse pressure
o Formation pore fluid pressure
Normal (hydrostatic) pressure
- Overpressure (geopressure)
- Underpressure
Control of pressure & stresses while drilling
o Drilling fluid density
- Balanced
- Overbalance
- Underbalance
- Effective Circulating Density (ECD)
- Effects of swab & surge
- Riser margin
- Mud weight window concept
o Casing
- Using pore, collapse and fracture pressure to design casing programme
o MAASP
o Kick tolerance
Problems arising from abnormal pressures
o Kicks & blowouts
o Lost circulation
o Differential sticking
o Borehole collapse
o Seal failure
o Formation damage impact on log quality
o Reduced ROP
Underbalanced drilling (UBD) and Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD)
Reporting
Exercise 1 - Relating Pressure and Drilling Fluid Density
2. Causes of Abnormal Pressures
Importance of seals
o Static vs dynamic overpressure
Importance of geological processes in the basin
Loading (Type I) & Unloading (Type II) overpressures
Vertical effective stress
Compaction disequilibrium (sedimentary loading)
o Normal compaction
o Undercompaction
o Pressure transition and pressure regression
Tectonic effects
o Uplift and erosion
o Thrust faults
o Lateral transfer – The Centroid Principle
o Exercise 2a Lateral transfer calculation
Salt diapirism and carbonate “stringers”
o Shale diapirism (mud volcanoes)
Fluid generation in situ
o Hydrocarbon generation in source rocks
o Clay diagenesis
Charged sands
Hydrocarbon buoyancy in reservoirs
o Exercise 2b Hydrocarbon buoyancy
Aquathermal pressuring
Artesian wells
Subnormal pressure
3. The Terzaghi Relationship
Stress distribution in sedimentary rock
4. Total Vertical Stress Evaluation
Relationship between pressure, depth, and rock density
Obtaining bulk density values
o Published data
o Seismic velocity models
o Wireline and MWD data
o Calculation procedures
Exercise 3 - Evaluation of Overburden Pressure from Density Logs
5. Vertical Effective Stress Evaluation
Seismic velocity models
o Bowers
o Miller et al.
o Sayers et al.
o Mukerji et al.
Clay compaction models
o Normal Compaction Trend (NCT)
- Pore fluids chemistry
- Matrix grain size and shape
- Ice sheet loading
- Unconformity
- The importance of wellbore stability indicators
- Variations in clay mineralogy
o Eaton model
o Exercise 4 - Pressure Evaluation Using Eaton
o Exercise 5 - Overburden Pressure from Sonic Log, NCT Selection & Pressure
from sonic log using Eaton
o Calibration of NCT using real pore pressure data
Equivalent depth model
o Exercise 6 - Pressure Evaluation in Clay Using Equivalent Depth
o Comparing method accuracy
o Effect of unloading on compaction analysis
6. Direct Pore Fluid Pressure Measurement
Formation pressure testing tools (wireline & LWD)
Exercise 7 Pressure test interpretation
Calculating formation pressures from kick data
Production testing
7. Interpreting Gas Behaviour
Drilled gas
Swabbed gas
o Connection gas
o Trip gas
8. Qualitative Analysis of Pore Fluid Pressures
Overpull and drilling torque
Pore pressure cavings
Shale density
Shale factor
Temperature
Other drilling parameters
9. Exercise 8a - Comprehensive Exercise Overburden and Pore Pressure
Covers sections 1-8
10. Formation Fracture Pressure
Creating a new fracture
o Minimum principal stress magnitude and orientation
Re-opening an existing fracture
Relating total vertical stress to fracture pressure
Direct measurement of fracture pressure
o Leak Off Tests (LOT)
o Extended Leak Off Tests (XLOT)
- Measurement of minimum principal horizontal stress
- Measurement of tensile strength
- Computing maximum horizontal principal stress
o Formation Integrity Tests (FIT)
o Pre-existing fractures reopened
Effects of permeability on LOT results
Indirect measurement of fracture pressure
o Defining minimum effective stress
o Hoek & Brown relationship of vertical effective stress to minimum effective
stress
o Establishing Poisson’s Ratio
o Hubbert & Willis
o Fracture pressure models
- Matthews & Kelly
- Eaton
- Daines
- Anderson, et al.
- Ward, et al.
- Breckels & van Eekelen
o Relating fracture initiation pressure to minimum principal stress
o Wellbore ballooning
- Use of PWD data to evaluate minimum principal horizontal stress
Effect of formation temperature on fracture pressure
Exercise 8b - Eaton & Daines fracture pressures added to Exercise 8a
11. Wellbore Instability
Rock failure in response to stress orientation
o Extensional (fracture) and compressive failure (breakout)
Breakout cavings
Use of caliper log in establishing stress orientation
Use of formation imaging tools in establishing stress orientation
Use of breakout image logs to establish maximum principal stress value
Geomechanical modelling
Using borehole collapse pressure data
The importance of stresses to directional drilling
Controlled breakout
Shale drilling
12. Reservoir Depletion
Difficulties associated with depletion
o Subsidence
o Reduced borehole diameter due to unplanned casing requirements
o Differential sticking
o Lost circulation leading to formation damage
o Stuck pipe in cap rock
o Solids production
o Fault reactivation
Relationship between pore pressure depletion and fracture pressure
Dealing with depletion while drilling
o Drilling fluids
- Underbalanced drilling
- Specialised drilling fluids
o Casing programs
- Expandable casings
- Liner drilling
o Water & gas injection
Who should attend
Anyone tasked with using drilling, LWD, and Wireline data to evaluate pressures in real time. Wellsite personnel benefiting from this training include Wellsite Geologists, drilling engineers, drilling supervisors, Mud Loggers,
and LWD engineers. Office based personnel involved in well planning will also find this material useful.
Benefits of Attending
The course will provide a comprehensive overview of the evaluation of pore and fracture pressure evaluation during drilling, including Geomechanical modelling.
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