Book: Formation Evaluation for Wellsite Geologists
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Event Formation Evaluation for Wellsite Geologists
Event Type Training Course
Location
Aberdeen, UK
Dates 03 Jul 2018 to 06 Jul 2018
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Base Cost per Person 1400 GBP
Expenses No Expenses Detailed
Local Tax Local Tax @ 20.00%
Event Category
Oil and Gas \ Well Services \ Wireline
Description Covers tool physics of the main LWD and wireline tools, the application of data
gathered to formation recognition, reservoir identification & fluid recognition and quality control. The course avoids the detailed mathematics associated with many “wireline” courses that tend to specialise in petrophysics, but covers the basic principles of petrophysical analysis of logs.

Syllabus includes:
1. The Evaluation Process
  • Reservoir porosity and permeability
  • Evaluating the volume of hydrocarbon available for recovery
  • Formation evaluation as a wellsite function
  • MWD or wireline?

2. The Gamma Ray Tool
  • Sources of gamma radiation
  • Basic (natural) gamma ray detector
  • API units
o Definition
o Statistical variation
o Calibrating source to allow use in general calibration
  • Depth of investigation
  • Borehole corrections
  • Formation recognition using typical responses from basic gamma ray tools
o Reservoir
o Micaceous sands
o Evaporites
o Source rocks
o Effect of variable density (shale/clay compaction)
o Logging While Drilling (LWD)
  • Cased hole logging
  • Geosteering
  • Spectral gamma ray tools
o Evaporites
o Clastic sediments
o Carbonates
o Spectral gamma ray as a correlation tool
o Unconformities
o Detection of fractures
  • Facies and environment of deposition
o Cylinder shaped logs
o Bell shaped logs
o Funnel shaped logs
  • Drilling fluid chemistry effects

3. Sonic Transit Time
  • Monopole and dipole output
  • Sound wave composition
o Compressional waves
o Shear waves
  • Basic physics of the sonic tool
o Dealing with drilling fluid, filter cake, and direct transmission through tool body
o Dealing with non-centralised tool
o Long spaced sonic tools
o Units of measurement
  • Calibration of tool at the wellsite using specific formation responses
  • Depth of investigation
  • Vertical resolution
  • Formation Recognition
o Relating sonic velocity to specific minerals and fluids
o Relating sonic velocity to lithology
o Relating sonic velocity to density log
o Effects of rock texture
o Effects of secondary porosity (including fractures)
o Identification of source rocks
o Effects of alteration of formation at borehole wall
o Effects of compaction
  • Relating sonic velocity to seismic velocity
o Obtaining average interval velocities

4. Formation Density Logs
  • Compensated Formation Density Log (FDC)
o Operating principle of FDC tools (Compton scattering)
o U nits of measurement
o Depth of investigation and bed thickness resolution
o Calibrating FDC tool response
o Core porosity comparison
  • Litho Density Log (LDL or LDT)
o Scope of measurement
  • Photo-Electric Absorption Index (Pe)
o U nits of measurement
  • Formation recognition
o Identifying formation tops
o Density as a porosity tool
o Compensation curve
  • MWD logs - azimuthal density

5. Neutron Logs
  • Neutron collisions and energy reduction
  • Neutron tools
o Thermal detectors
o Epithermal detectors
o Logging While Drilling neutron tools
  • Calibration of tools

6.Limestone porosity units
  • Depth of investigation
  • identification of suitable Reservoir Rocks
o Density and neutron log relationships
o Bound water in clays

6. Exercise Well 1
  • Shallow depth well lithological interpretation

7. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
  • MRI scanners in medicine
  • Measurement principle of NMR tool
  • Determining hydrogen environments from relaxation time

8. Formation Resistivity
  • Defining resistivity
o Resistivity units
  • Defining Conductivity
  • Wireline resistivity logging tools
o Effect of drilling fluid type
o Induction tools
- Induction tools operating limits
o Laterologs
o Contrasting induction and laterolog tools
o Other resistivity tools
- Microlog (ML) - caliper
- Microlaterolog (MLL)
- Proximity Log (PL)
- Micro Spherically Focussed Log (MSFL)
- Spherically Focussed Log (SFL)
  • Logging While Drilling resistivity tools
o Defining phase resistivity
o Basic principle of phase resistivity measurement
o Defining attenuation resistivity
o Measuring attenuation resistivity
o Interpreting LWD resistivity logs
  • Effect of temperature
  • Qualitative resistivity interpretations
  • Expected resistivity responses
o Typical resistivity values in common rock types
  • Factors affecting resistivity readings
Fluid type
o Salinity
o Temperature
o Proximity of other formations
o Porosity
o Pore shapes
o Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
  • Drilling fluid filtration
o Drilling fluid properties
o Zonation in response to filtration
o Investigating depth of filtrate invasion (deep and shallow resistivity)
o Effects of borehole enlargement
  • Thin bed effects
  • Skin effect
9. Exercise Wells 2&3
  • Correlation between wells
10. Spontaneous Potential
  • Wellbore environment
o Salts present in formation fluids and drilling fluids
  • Electrochemical potential
o Liquid junction potential
o Membrane potential
o Combining junction potential and membrane potential
  • Measurement of Spontaneous Potential (SP)
o Formation change
- Static Spontaneous Potential (SSP)
- Pseudo Static Potential
o Bed thickness
o Salinity contrast between mud filtrate and formation water
11. Caliper Log
  • Mechanical caliper logging tool
  • Acoustic caliper tools
  • Caliper log applications during drilling phase
o Effects on lag time
o Casing and cementing
o Rotating and sliding in deviated wells
o Indications of relative permeability

12.Worked example of complete Composite Log

13. Example Log Responses to Various Formation Types
  • Images from real well logs

14. Basic Petrophysics
  • Distinguishing between reservoir and non-reservoir rocks
o Calculating Vclay from gamma ray
- Clean sand
- Pure claystone
- Source rocks
- Establishing clay cutoff value
o Identifying suitable porosity
- Calculating porosity from sonic log
- Establishing porosity cutoff value
- Calculating porosity from density log
- Establishing porosity cutoff value
o Density and neutron porosity relationship
- Hydrocarbon gas effect
- Carbon dioxide effect
o Identifying fluid type
- High and low resistivity fluids
- Calculated hydrocarbon saturation from Archie equations
  • Exercise Well 4 Wireline Density Neutron petrophysics
  • Exercise Well 5 LWD Density neutron petrophysics
  • Exercise Well 6 Wireline sonic petrophysics

15. Formation Pressure & Fluid Sampling Tools
  • Basic operating principle
  • Measurement of pressure
  • Example results through reservoir
  • Calculation of pressure gradients
  • Evaluation of formation fluid density from pressure gradients
  • Establishing depth of fluid contacts
  • Recognising seals
  • Converting pressures to drilling fluid density
  • Exercise in fluid gradient, contact and seals

16. Sidewall Cores
  • Percussion sidewall cores
  • Rotary sidewall cores

17. Formation Temperature
  • Natural drilling fluid temperature build up after pumping stops (Horner Analysis)

18. Geosteering
  • Introduction
  • Steering methods
o Geometrical steering
o U se of geological sampling while drilling
o Logging While Drilling (LWD)
  • Gamma ray logs
  • Resistivity and density logs
  • Sub-Seismic faulting

19. Quality Control Procedures
  • Purpose of quality control in logging operations
  • Data checks
o Tool calibration
o Examining responses in real time
o Depth control
o Curve drifts and shifts
o Sporadic, dead or partial curves
  • Impact of borehole environment on log quality
o Open hole quality
o Casing/borehole geometry
o Drilling fluid chemistry
o External noise
o Unpredicted pressure or temperature in borehole
  • U sing offset well responses in correlation with real time well
  • Tool positioning in borehole
  • Data sampling rate settings
  • Curve formats are to client specification
  • Logging speeds
  • Repeat sections
Who should attend Wellsite Geologists primarily. This material will also be of benefit to anyone who needs to use well logs in their daily work.
Benefits of Attending Will provide a good overview of LWD and wireline tools, the application of data
gathered to formation recognition, reservoir identification & fluid recognition and quality control.
Notes
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Local Tax @20%
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